Equation Show Cracking Dodecane

Welcome to the worlds foremost open content Organic Chemistry Textbook on the web In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin a historical name that also has other meanings, is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. In other words, an alkane consists. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get. Equation Show Cracking Dodecane' title='Equation Show Cracking Dodecane' />Alkane Wikipedia. Chemical structure of methane, the simplest alkane. In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin a historical name that also has other meanings, is an acyclicsaturatedhydrocarbon. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon carbon bonds are single. Steve G. Jones You Can Attract It Pdf. Alkanes have the general chemical formula Cn. H2n2. The alkanes range in complexity from the simplest case of methane, CH4 where n  1 sometimes called the parent molecule, to arbitrarily large molecules. Besides this standard definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, in some authors usage the term alkane is applied to any saturated hydrocarbon, including those that are either monocyclic i. In an alkane, each carbon atom has 4 bonds either C C or C H, and each hydrogen atom is joined to one of the carbon atoms so in a C H bond. The longest series of linked carbon atoms in a molecule is known as its carbon skeleton or carbon backbone. The number of carbon atoms may be thought of as the size of the alkane. One group of the higher alkanes are waxes, solids at standard ambient temperature and pressure SATP, for which the number of carbons in the carbon backbone is greater than about 1. With their repeated CH2 units, the alkanes constitute a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ in molecular mass by multiples of 1. Alkanes are not very reactive and have little biological activity. They can be viewed as molecular trees upon which can be hung the more activereactive functional groups of biological molecules. The alkanes have two main commercial sources petroleum crude oil3 and natural gas. An alkyl group, generally abbreviated with the symbol R, is a functional group that, like an alkane, consists solely of single bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms connected acyclicallyfor example, a methyl or ethyl group. Structure classificationeditSaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons having only single covalent bonds between their carbons. They can be linear general formula Cn. H2n2 wherein the carbon atoms are joined in a snake like structurebranched general formula Cn. H2n2, n  2 wherein the carbon backbone splits off in one or more directionscyclic general formula Cn. H2n, n  3 wherein the carbon backbone is linked so as to form a loop. According to the definition by IUPAC, the former two are alkanes, whereas the third group is called cycloalkanes. Saturated hydrocarbons can also combine any of the linear, cyclic e. Cn. H2n2k2, where k is the number of independent loops. Alkanes are the acyclic loopless ones, corresponding to k  0. Isomerismedit. Different C4 alkanes and cycloalkanes left to right n butane and isobutane are the two C4. H1. 0 isomers cyclobutane and methylcyclopropane are the two C4. H8 isomers. Bicyclo1. C4. H6 compound and has no isomer tetrahedrane below is the only C4. H4 compound and also has no isomer. Alkanes with more than three carbon atoms can be arranged in various different ways, forming structural isomers. The simplest isomer of an alkane is the one in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a single chain with no branches. This isomer is sometimes called the n isomer n for normal, although it is not necessarily the most common. However the chain of carbon atoms may also be branched at one or more points. The number of possible isomers increases rapidly with the number of carbon atoms. For example 5C1 methane only. C2 ethane only. C3 propane only. C4 2 isomers n butane and isobutane. C5 3 isomers pentane, isopentane, and neopentane. C6 5 isomers hexane, 2 methylpentane, 3 methylpentane, 2,2 dimethylbutane, and 2,3 dimethylbutane. C1. 2 3. 55 isomers. C3. 2 2. 7,7. 11,2. C6. 0 2. 2,1. 58,7. Branched alkanes can be chiral. For example, 3 methylhexane and its higher homologues are chiral due to their stereogenic center at carbon atom number 3. In addition to the alkane isomers, the chain of carbon atoms may form one or more loops. Such compounds are called cycloalkanes. NomenclatureeditThe IUPAC nomenclature systematic way of naming compounds for alkanes is based on identifying hydrocarbon chains. Unbranched, saturated hydrocarbon chains are named systematically with a Greek numerical prefix denoting the number of carbons and the suffix ane. In 1. August Wilhelm von Hofmann suggested systematizing nomenclature by using the whole sequence of vowels a, e, i, o and u to create suffixes ane, ene, ine or yne, one, une, for the hydrocarbons Cn. H2n2, Cn. H2n, Cn. H2n2, Cn. H2n4, Cn. H2n6. 7 Now, the first three name hydrocarbons with single, double and triple bonds 8 one represents a ketone ol represents an alcohol or OH group oxy means an ether and refers to oxygen between two carbons, so that methoxymethane is the IUPAC name for dimethyl ether. It is difficult or impossible to find compounds with more than one IUPAC name. This is because shorter chains attached to longer chains are prefixes and the convention includes brackets. Numbers in the name, referring to which carbon a group is attached to, should be as low as possible so that 1 is implied and usually omitted from names of organic compounds with only one side group. Column One Column Two Correct Coding Edits Table 19'>Column One Column Two Correct Coding Edits Table 19. Symmetric compounds will have two ways of arriving at the same name. Linear alkaneseditStraight chain alkanes are sometimes indicated by the prefix n for normal where a non linear isomer exists. Although this is not strictly necessary, the usage is still common in cases where there is an important difference in properties between the straight chain and branched chain isomers, e. Alternative names for this group are linear paraffins or n paraffins. The members of the series in terms of number of carbon atoms are named as follows methane, CH4 one carbon and four hydrogenethane, C2. H6 two carbon and six hydrogenpropane, C3. H8 three carbon and 8 hydrogenbutane, C4. H1. 0 four carbon and 1. C5. H1. 2 five carbon and 1. C6. H1. 4 six carbon and 1. The first four names were derived from methanol, ether, propionic acid and butyric acid, respectively hexadecane is also sometimes referred to as cetane. Alkanes with five or more carbon atoms are named by adding the suffix ane to the appropriate numerical multiplier prefix9 with elision of any terminal vowel a or o from the basic numerical term. Hence, pentane, C5. H1. 2 hexane, C6. H1. 4 heptane, C7. H1. 6 octane, C8. H1. 8 etc. The prefix is generally Greek, however alkanes with a carbon atom count ending in nine, for example nonane, use the Latin prefix non. For a more complete list, see List of alkanes. Branched alkaneseditSimple branched alkanes often have a common name using a prefix to distinguish them from linear alkanes, for example n pentane, isopentane, and neopentane. IUPAC naming conventions can be used to produce a systematic name. The key steps in the naming of more complicated branched alkanes are as follows 1. Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms. Name this longest root chain using standard naming rules. Name each side chain by changing the suffix of the name of the alkane from ane to ylNumber the root chain in order to give the lowest possible numbers for the side chainsclarification neededcitation neededNumber and name the side chains before the name of the root chain.